• Abrin
• Ricin
• Viscum albumin lectin 1
• Volkensin

• Japanese encephalitis virus
• St. Louis encephalitis virus
• West Nile virus

Symptoms

• Mild: sudden fever, loss of appetite, and headache;
• Moderate: vomiting, nausea, diarrhea and dizziness;
• Severe:lethargy, irritability, convulsions and fits leading to a coma and death.

Mortality may reach 60%, even though the course of the disease is relatively short. Severe non-fatal cases leave some residual disability.

The disease, and the related Kunjin fever, are limited to eastern and central Australia where they are borne by mosquitos of the widespread genus Culex. Mosquito control is the primary action to control an outbreak.

The disease causes a severe pneumonia (an inflammation of the lungs leading to them filling with fluid) coupled a pleurisy (an inflammation of the outer lining of the lungs.) Animals have a fever, shallow rapid breathing and may develop a cough. There may be necrosis of lung tissue. The disease can kill half of an infected herd within a week and infect 90%. Infected calves develop arthritis in all of the major joints. The survivors may become carriers. In endemic areas, vaccines can be used to control the disease, but an outbreak in a previously uninfected area is treated by slaughter of the infected herd.

• Fowlpest
• Pseudofowlpest

• Smallpox
• Monkeypox
• Rinderpest

Velogenic

>90% mortality

Mesogenic

<25% mortality

Lentogenic

Essentially avirulent and often used in vaccines.

The virus is killed by common disinfectants, but care must be taken to screen for the virus after disinfection because it can survive for some days outside the host and for several months in eggs and for years in frozen carcasses. Each strain has different sensitivities. When infection breaks out, the infected flock must be slaughtered and the carcasses burned. The area may also be placed under strict quarantine. The disease is widespread and some birds, the Psittacines or parrot family can become chronically infected and act as reservoirs for the disease.

The disease is occassionally transmitted to humans giving rise to influenza-like symptoms and a painful conjunctivitis.

Symptoms include severe headache, chills, fever, muscle pains, photophobia and retrobulbar pain. A meningitis may also develop. In the areas where it is endemic, over 80% of the population may be immune to it

• Pseudorinderpest of small ruminants
• Pest of small ruminants
• Goat plague
• Kata
• Stomatitis-pneumoenteritis syndrome
• Contagious pustular stomatitis
• Pneumoenteritis complex

Infected animals have a fever (104-105°F, 40-41°C), lose coat quality, have a dry muzzle, poor appetite and congested. They develop an evil-smelling nasal discharge. Bronchopneumonia and diarrhea develop. The diarrhea often kills the animal by dehydration and associated complications within 5-10 days of the symptoms first appearing.

The disease is characterized by necrotic lesions (patches of dead and damaged tissue) on the mouth, cheeks, tongue and gums. In severe cases, they may be found far into the digestive tract upon necropsy.

SVD is not a particularly destructive disease, but it is an effective nuisance weapon because it can be confused with other more serious diseases, especially foot-and-mouth disease. This can paralyze livestock farming until the diagnosis is confirmed. It also a relatively new disease, having first been observed in 1966.

• Russian Spring-Summer encephalitis virus
• Kyasanur forest virus

The disease has a variable incubation period of 8-34 days. It begins with sore throat, sleepiness, headache and disorientation. As the disease worsens, there can be lethargy, vomiting, respiratory distress, fever and convulsions. Patients may become semicomatose and paralysis has also been seen.

The virus affects the grey matter throughout the brain and this may help to explain why survivors can have persistent neurological problems such as severe headaches, memory impairment and nerve damage and muscle wasting.

There is no vaccine for the disease and treatment is to respond to symptoms. As a relatively unknown virus with long-term effects, Powassan virus is a secondary agent of real concern.

• Suid herpesvirus
• Aujeszky's disease
• Mad Itch

The disease is most severe in younger pigs (<8 weeks old). Infection can kill 100% of young pigs in a herd and can still kill 40-60% of the older animals. The virus infects the central nervous system and the preliminary symptoms are problems with movement. Young pigs (nursing piglets, <4 weeks old) lose their apettite, refuse to drink, develop a high fever and go into convulsions followed by coma and death. Older pigs (weaners) have similar symptoms and may also show lung problems (bronchopneumonia, rhinitis, or tracheitis) and may show constipation rather than the scouring (diarrhea) found in piglets. Adult pigs show the same symptoms but greater survival. Pregnant sows may abort the fetuses. Pigs tht survive infection show immunity.

Some vaccines are available, but care in testing for carrier animals before buying and in building herds is the best protective measure. Strict quarantine rapidly applied is the most effective form of control. Infected herds must be slaughtered and carcasses burned.